There are two impersonal forms used in French to designate objects or beings often confused and misused. Those expressions are C'est and Il est or Elle est. They are used in different contexts. Below are the rules that can make their use clear and simple.
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The expression c'est is impersonal. It means that the pronoun ce is the apparent subject of the verb être and doesn't designate a real person or a thing. The real subject is a word or a group of words located after the verb, ex: C'est Jacques qui m'a acheté cette robe.
The sentence with c'est answers the questions Qui est-ce ? or Qu'est-ce que c'est ?
We use c'est + an article (un, une, le, la, du, des …) or a possessive adjective (mon, ta, ses …) + a noun, examples:
Qui est-ce ? | Who is this ? |
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C'est un garçon. | It's a boy. |
C'est le facteur. | It's the mailman. |
C'est ma voisine. | It's my neighbor. |
Ce sont les enfants de Jeanne. | They are Jeanne's children. |
Qu'est-ce que c'est ? | What is that ? |
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C'est un pont. | It's a bridge. |
C'est du thé. | It's tea. |
Ce sont des vélos tout terrain. | They are all terrain bikes. |
Ce sont des chiens de race. | They are pedigree dogs. |
We don't use articles before the proper nouns or the subject pronouns, examples:
Qui est-ce ?
The verb être of c'est agrees with the real subject of the sentence following c'est, although it is acceptable for it to agree with the apparent subject ce in the spoken language, examples:
Standard French
Spoken French
We use then C'est + a masculine adjective or an adverb, examples:
To emphasize an information we use C'est + a noun, a pronoun + qui / que + a sentence, examples:
c'est-à-dire | that's to say |
c'est pourquoi | that is why |
c'est dommage | that's a shame |
c'est noté | noted |
c'est ainsi que | thus |
si c'est le cas | if that is the case |
c'est fait | it's done |
We use then il, elle est + an adjective, examples:
Mon papa m'a acheté un cadeau. Il est gentil. | My dad bought me a present. He is nice. |
Je viens d'acheter une voiture. Elle est toute neuve. | I just bought a car. It's brand new. |
J'ai fait tomber mon téléphone. Maintenant il est cassé. | I dropped my phone. Now it's broken. |
Il est bon, ce gâteau ! | How good is this cake! |
Il est is then impersonal. It means that the pronoun il does not refer to a real person, examples:
Il est dix heures et quart. | It's a quarter past ten. |
Il est trop tôt pour boire un verre. | It's too early for a drink. |
Il est temps de partir. | It's time to go. |
Il est l'heure d'aller dormir. | It's time to go to sleep. |
As C'est is used to express a notion of time as well, the table below presents the words or expressions that require one or the other to help you understand the difference.
C'est | Il est |
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We use then il, elle est + a noun or an adjective. Please, notice that we don't use an article there, examples:
Il est médecin. | He is a doctor. |
Elle est japonaise. | She is Japanese. |
Elles sont chrétiennes. | They are Christians. |
Ils sont célibataires. | They are single. |
Il est is then impersonal, examples:
Il est difficile de concilier carrière et maternité. | It is difficult to reconcile career and motherhood. |
Il est interdit de fumer dans tous les lieux publics fermés. | Smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public places. |
Il est certain que vous lui devez quelque chose. | It is certain that you owe him something. |
Il est impossible de marcher sur l'eau. | It is impossible to walk on water. |
il est à noter que | it is to highlight that |
il est entendu que | it is understood that |
il est évident | it is obvious |
il est nécessaire | it is necessary |
il est possible que | it's possible that |
il est précisé que | it is stipulated that |
il est préférable | it is preferable |
il est prévu | it is provided |
il est probable que | it is likely that |
il est question de | it is a question of |
il est rappelé que | it is recalled that |
il est vrai que | it is true that |
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